Comprehensive of our country's ancient and modern ointments, in form, can be divided into four categories: decoction, ointment, ointment, dressing.
Decoction: In our country, it was called "decoction" during the Tang Dynasty. Generally, it refers to a thick semi-fluid product made of medicine after decoction, slag removal, concentration, and honey or sugar for internal consumption. It has the advantages of high drug concentration, small size, good stability, and easy to take. The effect of decoction is mainly to nourish, and it also has a soothing therapeutic effect and medicinal moisturizing, so it is also called "cream" or "plaster". There are also those with sugar called "sugar paste", and those with honey called "honey paste". In recent years, ointments that have swept the country are of this kind. Pure decoction is divided into dry extract, extract, and flow extract according to the consistency.
Ointment: In ancient times, it was called "sticker". It uses vegetable oil, wax wax, Vaseline or animal fat as a substrate, adds medicine to heat, and extracts the active ingredients; or without heating, the grinding powder is mixed into the semi-solid dosage form made for skin or mucosal application. It is commonly known as "ointment", also known as "ointment". It has protective, moisturizing, lubricating or local therapeutic effects. The drugs in some ointments can also be absorbed through the skin to play a therapeutic role in the whole body.
Hard ointment: commonly known as "plaster", is a type of external dosage form that dissolves or mixes the drug in an appropriate matrix and spreads it on the mounting material for application. It has a local therapeutic effect or a systemic therapeutic effect. According to the different composition of the matrix, it can be divided into the following categories:
① Lead plaster: refers to the medicinal material fried with vegetable oil and combined with lead Dan to form a semi-solid or solid product. Mainly lead oleate, in processing due to the application ratio of lead Dan and the temperature and time of heating, products with different colors and hardness can be obtained. The color is white, yellow or even black, usually black. Made of Zhang Dan (lead oxide) is called "black plaster", and those who add lead powder (basic lead carbonate) are called "white plaster". The earliest lead paste is contained in Jin Gehong's "Elbow Reserve Emergency Prescription" Volume 8 - Paste: "Thirteen taels of clear sesame oil, and seven taels of vegetable oil; Huang Dan. The iron bell of the second object is slowly fried and filtered, the wet willow batch grates are stirred non-stop, until the color is black and the fire is added, and the fan is still used, the stirring is non-stop, the smoke is cut off, and the paste is gradually thickened into... "From this, it can be seen that the lead paste in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was what is called the substrate today; later generations gradually developed, adding main drugs to the substrate, and the curative effect was even more improved. This dosage form is also one of the commonly used dosage forms today.
② Rosin ointment: This is a kind of lead-free plaster, which is a hard plaster synthesized with rosin and oil as the base and drugs. There are methods similar to lead plaster, and there are also mashing.
③ Rubber hard paste: also known as "rubber paste", a type of external preparation with or without medicine made from rubber as the substrate.
④ Babu paste: This is a modern external paste made of hydrophilic polymer as the skeleton material, adding fillers, tackifiers, moisturizers, cross-linking agents and cross-linking regulators to make a matrix. After adding traditional Chinese medicine extracts, it is spread, cut and packaged.
⑤ Transdermal patch: a new type of preparation made of polymer and polymer controlled-release materials, which can play a local and systemic therapeutic role through the skin.
IV. Scaling: In ancient times, it was called "thin". It was a preparation that mixed drug powder with various liquids to make paste and ointment, and applied to parts of the human body or acupoints. Also known as "thin medicine", "application", "paste". According to the different excipients, it can be divided into two categories: water-based dressing and oil-based dressing. Including two contents: temporary adjustment and preparation:
① Temporary adjustment: mostly use fresh medicinal materials or medicinal materials decoction pieces, paste or add solvent to mix well, and apply externally.
② Preparation: The processed drug powder is packaged, or the drug powder is mixed with a suitable substrate to make a finished external paste preparation. Generally, the solid powder content is more than 25%, and the consistency is high. The appearance is similar to an ointment, but its hardness is high and water absorption is large, which does not hinder the normal function of the skin.
In addition, modern "film-forming agents" should also be included in this category. Film-forming agents are external liquid paints made by dissolving drugs and polymer film-forming materials in organic solvents. When applied to the affected area, the solvent evaporates to form a film, which can protect the wound surface and gradually release the drug to play a therapeutic role.
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