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常见问题

施工单位参差不齐,园林产品与设计构想存差距

由于传统认识存在误区,一些施工单位认为园林工程技术性和严谨性不强,工程风险小,利润高,只不过是种树铺草,是非常简单的事情,因此将一些被称为城市农夫的绿化施工人员大量掺入施工队伍,他们缺乏深度理解设计图纸的能力,缺少植物栽培技术的系统知识,致使施工质量大打折扣。殊不知,三分设计,七分施工,一个好的设计或创意,需要施工者付出更多的心血和努力,否则,理想中的艺术效果也是空中楼阁。

项目经理负责制流于形式,责权利主体不统一

自项目经理负责制推广以来,我国项目管理的水平有了长足发展,但仍存在一些问题,因体制等诸多原因,目前园林绿化工程项目中也未能彻底落实项目经理负责制,致使项目经理负责制也是流于形式和表面,一些项目经理处于形同虚设的尴尬境地,导致项目现场管理并非项目经理本人的现象屡见不鲜。 

不严格按图施工或随意变更设计方案现象普遍

园林绿化工程施工就是按设计要求,科学地、艺术地发挥植物的绿化美化作用,所以设计图纸是园林绿化工程的灵魂,离开了设计图纸,工程的施工将无从入手。然而,在现实的施工过程中,一些建设方和施工方为了自身利益,不严格按图施工,主观更改苗木的位置、品种及规格,造成景观效果和设计意图大相径庭;或根据个别意志,随意变更原有设计理念和方案,彻底改变了设计师的原有构图。  

土壤置换与改良工作的重视程度严重不足

目前绿化工程建设施工中,种植土绝大多数是已破坏的原生结构土壤,不利于植物的成活与生长。一些施工单位为节约成本,也不进行土壤置换,对现场建筑垃圾采取就地掩埋;对现场符合种植要求的土壤,也不进行杂物清理;美其名曰的土壤改良也就是在土壤表层象征性的洒上一些泥炭土,根本没有起到改良的作用。殊不知,土壤质量的好坏将直接影响到植物栽植后的成活率以及后期的生长效果。

监理人才队伍建设滞后,行业监管与诚信机制存

虽然近年来我国园林事业发展很快,但绿化行业一直存在园林专业监理人才缺乏、监理工作缺位、行业监管机制存漏洞等诸多问题,如建筑施工监理兼任绿化施工监理、施工方贿赂监理单位及工作人员、监理对施工方违反施工规范视而不见、部分监理主动吃拿要等,恶化了监理职业环境,另外,《城市绿化工程施工及验收规范》中强制性条款较少,施工单位的自由裁量空间较大。这些问题都给监理工作带来了负面影响,给监理的公信力带来了严峻的挑战。

严格执行招投标制度,做好施工单位的甄选工作

园林绿化工程必须严格执行招投标制度,提高行业门槛,让具有施工资质,有良好施工业绩和信誉的施工单位参与投标,即便是小规模的绿化工程,也必须是具有绿化施工资质的企业参与,使园林工程施工质量从根本上得到保证,只有实行优胜劣汰,才能让那些施工水平低,信誉差的施工单位被动退出园林施工行业,有效解决园林绿化施工市场鱼龙混杂的局面。

统一责权利主体,彻底实施项目经理负责制

项目经理负责制实施以来,推动了我国项目管理与国际接轨,实现了我国项目管理跨越式发展,虽然出现了一些细节上的瓶颈,但总体是积极和进步的,我们只有解放思想,改变观念,积极探索,健全体制,统一责、权、利主体,加强企业对项目经理的监管,强化项目经理的责任,弱化项目经理的权力和利益,重罚轻赏,全面彻底落实项目经理负责制,才能有效解决项目经理负责制流于形式和表面的尴尬局面。

严格按图施工,遵守设计变更“一支笔”制度

我们必须赋予和尊重设计师对设计方案的绝对话语权,严格按图施工,如确实需要进行方案变更,应严格遵守变更程序,征求设计单位和主任设计师的许可和签字,执行方案变更“一支笔”制度。对不严格按图施工和不遵守设计方案变更程序的,设计单位和设计师有权拒绝在竣工图上盖章和签字。我们只有严守这个基本红线,才能从制度上保证设计图纸的原创性,从源头上保证园林绿化工程的质量。 

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