古今膏药,从形式上讲可分为四类
发布时间:2018-04-13 18:07

综合我国古今的各种膏剂,从形式上讲大概可分为四类:煎膏、软膏、硬膏、敷药。

一、煎膏:我国唐朝时称“煎”。一般是指药物经过煎煮、去渣、浓缩,再加蜜或糖制成的稠厚半流体状供内服的制品,具有药物浓度高、体积小、稳定性好、便于服用等优点。煎膏剂的效用以滋补为主,兼有缓和的治疗作用,药性滋润,故又称“膏”或“膏滋”。也有将加糖的称为“糖膏”,加蜜的称为“蜜膏”。 近年风靡全国的膏方,即为此类。单纯的煎膏根据稠度分干浸膏、浸膏、流浸膏。

二、软膏:古时称“贴”。是用植物油、蜡腊、凡士林或动物脂肪等作基质,加入药物加热后,提取有效成分;或不经加热,研粉掺入所制成的供皮肤或粘膜应用的半固体剂型。习称“药膏”,又称“油膏”。具有保护、湿润、润滑或局部治疗作用。某些软膏剂中的药物亦可透皮吸收而发挥全身治疗作用。

三、硬膏:通称为“膏药”,系将药物溶解或混匀于适当基质中,摊涂于裱褙材料上,供贴敷使用的一类近似固体的外用剂型,具有局部治疗作用或全身治疗作用。根据基质组成不同可分为以下几种:

①铅膏药:指药料用植物油炸取成分后,与铅丹化合而成半固体或固体状制品。主要为油酸铅,在加工中由于铅丹的应用比例及加热时的温度和时间不同,可以得到色泽和硬度不同的制品,色泽由白色、黄色乃至黑色,通常黑色者多。用章丹(四氧化三铅)制成的称“黑膏药”,加铅粉(碱式碳酸铅)者称“白膏药”。最早铅膏载于晋葛洪《肘后备急方》卷八——成膏:“清麻油十三两,菜油亦得;黄丹七两。二物铁铛文火煎滤,湿柳批篦搅不停,至色黑加武火,仍以扇扇之,搅不停,烟断绝尽,看渐稠膏成……”由此可见,南北朝时的铅膏,就是今天所称的基质;后世逐渐发展,在基质上加入主要药物,疗效更为提高。此剂型亦为现时常用剂型之一。

②松香膏:这是一类无铅膏药,系用松香和油脂类为基质,与药物合成的硬膏剂。制作有类似铅膏药的方法,也有捣碾而成的。

③橡胶硬膏:又称“橡皮膏”,以橡胶为基质,制作而成的一类含药或不含药的外用制剂。

④巴布膏剂:这是以亲水性高分子聚合物为骨架材料,添加充填剂、增粘剂、保湿剂、交联剂及交联调节剂制成基质,加入中药提取物后,经摊涂、切割、包装而成的现代外用膏剂。

⑤透皮贴剂:以高分子聚合物及高分子控释材料制成,药物可透过皮肤起局部及全身治疗作用的一类新型制剂。

四、敷药:古时称“薄”,是将药物粉末,用各种液体调制后,使成糊状及软膏状,敷贴于人体局部或穴位上的一种制剂。又称“薄药”、“敷贴”、“糊剂”。根据赋形剂的不同,可分为水性敷药和油性敷药两类。包括临时调剂和制剂制备两个内容:

①临时调剂:多采用新鲜药材或药材饮片,捣粘或添加溶剂混匀,外敷。

②制剂:经加工后的药物粉末包装,或将药物粉末与适宜基质混合制成外用糊状制剂成品。一般固体粉末含量达25%以上,稠度较高。外观类似软膏剂,但其硬度高、吸水性大,不妨碍皮肤的正常功能。

另外,现代的“涂膜剂”亦应列在此范畴。涂膜剂是将药物及高分子成膜材料溶解于有机溶剂中制成的一种外用液体涂剂。涂于患处,溶剂挥发后形成薄膜,可保护创面,而且可逐渐释放药物而发挥治疗作用。

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