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“防”字念不好大棚病害治不住

发布时间:2024-04-11 浏览量: 字号:

核心提示:春季气温逐渐回升,蔬菜作物进入生长和结果旺盛期,尤其是地温回升后,水分的蒸发量加大,田间湿度大,也是病害的高发期。坚持预防为主,综合防治的科学措施,不仅能及时将病害消除在萌芽状态,更能使土壤有良好的环境,根系有安全的生长空间。因此,春季对大棚蔬菜病害而言,要重点从"防"字着手。

  防病害 从培育壮棵开始

一是减少病原、虫源  首先在蔬菜定植前,进行全棚灭菌、杀虫。其次是药物蘸盘,减少外来病原入侵。蘸盘常用产品有杀菌剂、杀虫剂、生根剂、微生物菌剂四大类,菜农可根据棚室具体情况,合理选择搭配。再次做好棚室的密封工作,风口及前脸处设置80目以上的防虫网,减少害虫飞入棚室为害。

二是创造适宜的蔬菜生长环境 常见的逆境有高温强光、低温弱光、土壤恶化等,这些如何改善,本报已经讲述过多次,再次不再赘述。

三是培养健壮植株 首先,保证投入农资品的质量,确保蔬菜不同生长时期,适时适量投入,保证植株营养所需的同时,不能破坏蔬菜生长的环境。其次,合理整枝打杈、合理留果等农事操作,使植株营养生长和生殖生长平衡,正常留果,不增加植株负担。

四是药剂预防 真菌性病害要以预防为主,细菌性病害以轻度治疗为主。高温季节来临之前,病毒病的预防工作不能放松。

  防根系 避免造成弱呼吸

只有土壤透气性强,根系的呼吸作用充分,根系吸收能力才强,只有长出壮棵,蔬菜抗逆性才能提高,产量才能增加。那么,如何提高土壤的透气性呢?

首先,增施有机肥,秸秆还田,提高土壤中有机质含量,是提高土壤透气性的根本措施。土壤有机质,是土壤团粒结构形成不可缺少的主体成分。有机质含量高,土壤疏松,透气性良好,作物产量提高。因此,增施有机肥和秸秆还田对改良土壤、提高土壤透气性是十分必要的。

其次,将大水漫灌改为滴灌,合理浇水。在大棚蔬菜生长起来后,覆盖地膜、中耕松土的难度较大,土壤板结就不易打破。滴灌不同于大水漫灌,滴灌可以浸润土壤,对土壤板结有破坏作用。使用滴灌的大棚内土壤更加疏松,透气性更强。

再次,重施生物菌肥,提高微生物活性。增施有机肥能促进微生物的活动,由于微生物活动的结果,除了增加土壤中的矿物质营养和腐殖质以外,还能产生多种维生素、抗生素、生长素等,具有促进根系发育、刺激作物生长、增强抗病能力的作用。

  防药害 春季棚菜管理重点

随着病害防治过程中用药量的加大,药害频频出现,导致蔬菜生长停滞,损失严重。在春季的蔬菜管理中,如何避免药害现象的发生,应该注意以下几个方面:

选好喷雾器 助力喷雾器因其具有压力大、喷雾细匀、省时省力等优点,是用药器械的首选。但是在选择燃油助力药械喷药时,一定要选择晴好天气,能够正常通风的条件下使用。再者是喷片的选择,喷片是根据喷雾器压力的大小和喷到叶片上的喷雾效果而进行选择,药剂喷到叶面后,形成均匀的水膜状,无大小药斑为最佳。

选好喷药时间  喷药宜选择在晴天进行,但要避开高温时段,药剂喷洒完毕后,要保证足够的通风时间,使药液既浸润叶片,又使水分蒸发的时间不过长和过短,才能达到最佳的防治效果。尤其是烟雾剂熏蒸防病时,更应该严格控制熏蒸时间,以避免药害和烟害现象的出现。

药剂混配种类不宜过多  虽然多种病害同时发生的现象时有,但药剂混用要合理选择,混配的种类不宜一次性过多,更不要随意加大用药量。多种病害混发时,可以进行分类防治,可以同时选择发病重的两种病害进行不同药物混合喷洒防治。

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