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春季管大棚 重点防“三害”

发布时间:2024-04-11 浏览量: 字号:

核心提示:春季,随着气温的回升,大棚进入全新的管理时期,然而这个时期的一些为害也随着管理的推进,逐渐表现出来,需要农户重点防范"盐害、药害和肥害"。针对这"三害",如果农户不加重视,往往就会造成蔬菜发病,甚至死棵。因此,应遵循预防为主、防治结合的原则,进行综合防治。

别小看了"盐害"

在大棚栽培中"盐害"是影响产量的重要因素,因此,解决瓜菜大棚"盐害"势在必行。盲目过量施肥,单靠投化肥换产量,必然会造成土壤中盐分积累迅速增加,势必造成肥害(盐害)的发生,如何解决并避免盲目施肥所带来的危害呢?

一是调整瓜菜大棚有机肥、化肥和微生物肥料的施用比例。有机肥占瓜菜大棚作物生育期需求量的65%,化肥占生育期的30%,微生物肥占全生育期的5%;化肥应以不同作物的生理需求,改变含氯、含硝、含钾、含钠的成分,微生物肥始终要参与基肥、追肥和冲施肥的全过程。

二是在盐害严重的瓜菜大棚增施济植牌土壤改良肥100~150公斤/亩,效果极为显著。施用土壤改良肥可控制土壤"盐害"的发生和蔓延,低产棚逐渐成为中、高产棚,深受菜农欢迎。

三是合理选择肥料种类。常用化肥的致盐能力由高到低的排列顺序为;氯化铵>氯化钾>硝酸铵>硫酸钾>尿素>三元复合肥、二元复合肥,由此可见,含氯化肥的致盐能力较强,在大棚土壤施用时,要注意氯化物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐肥料的使用量。

别忽视了"药害"

植物生长调节剂所造成的伤害最常见的有秧苗皱缩畸形和叶片呈蕨叶病毒症状,在天气较好的情况下,"药害"症状不易被察觉或症状轻微,但是遇到连续的阴雨天气后,植株不能进行正常的光合作用,根系吸收就会出现问题。因此,此时植株中毒症状就会凸现。防治措施有以下几点:

首先,做好预防工作。掌握植物生长调节剂的正确使用浓度、使用方法、使用部位等,如瓠瓜,使用乙烯利可促进主蔓早开雌花,但使用时必须是4~6片真叶期,提早使用容易发生药害。

其次,确定适用浓度。如果浓度过低,不能产生应有的效果;浓度过高,会破坏植物正常的生理活动,甚至伤害植物。植物生长调节剂的浓度效应远比一般农药复杂,不同作物使用同一植物生长调节剂的浓度就有很大差别,且与作物的长势有关。

再次,注意气候条件。温度过低,叶面吸收缓慢;温度过高,药液水分容易蒸发,易造成未被吸收的药剂沉淀在叶表面,对组织有害。在干旱气候条件下施用,药液浓度应降低;在雨水充足的季节里施用,应适当加大浓度。

别放过了"肥害"

大棚蔬菜"肥害"可大致分为3种,一是施肥量过大或离植株太近,作物被高浓度肥料烧伤;二是某一营养元素施用过量,导致其他元素缺乏;三是在封闭管理条件下,过量施用氮肥,施后不覆土或未及时通风,发生氨气或亚硝酸气体的毒害。这三种"肥害"都要防治,应以防治氨等有害气体对作物的灼伤为重点。

一是科学施肥,防止一次施肥量过大,对基肥施后覆土或与土壤充分混合;对追肥要提倡深施覆土,施后及时灌水,不可将肥料撒在地面就不管了。

二是要平衡施肥,对钾肥要适量、分次或分层施用;不要将锌、铁等微量元素肥料与磷肥直接掺混,最好与腐熟有机肥和腐植酸类肥料混合后施用。

三是过量施用氮肥会导致氨气和亚硝酸气体在土壤中累积,所以对氮肥要适量施用并与磷、钾等肥料配合,施后及时覆土或将肥料与土壤充分混合,以使氮肥被作物充分吸收利用。

四是施用有机肥、缓控释肥料等养分缓慢释放的肥料可以减少有害气体的产生,可抑制亚硝酸气体,除了合理施用氮肥外,还可以适量使用硝化抑制剂。(综合)

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