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山东寿光设施蔬菜“沙培模式”走出节本增效新路子

发布时间:2024-04-11 浏览量: 字号:

今年中央一号文件明确提出推进农业供给侧结构性改革的主攻方向是提高农业供给质量。在关乎菜篮子安全的蔬菜种植环节,该如何利用现有资源,既要丰产丰收,又能满足消费者对农产品质量的需求?

有"蔬菜之乡"之称的山东省寿光市,因地制宜,从生产环节着手创新,推进改革,通过改进设施农业生产方式,探索出"沙培"无土栽培模式,不仅实现节本增效,还大大提高了农业供给质量。

病害少产量高 沙地产出优质蔬菜

大地回春,万物复苏。在寿光市孙家集街道三元朱村的山东田立方农业发展有限公司蔬菜大棚里,一株株绿油油的苦瓜枝蔓粗壮,浓绿的叶子中掩映着长势喜人的苦瓜。仔细观察,与一般大棚的栽培方式有些不同,这里的苦瓜长在沙子中。

"在沙地里,这苦瓜长势好,基本没什么病害,其实,我这个棚是黄瓜套种的苦瓜,黄瓜年前就上市了,苦瓜这几天才开始上市。"该公司负责人王青春告诉记者,他今年扩大了规模,现在有5个大棚全是采用的这种沙培栽培模式。 "经过前期试验,管理得好的话,沙培种植的黄瓜比土培模式提前2至3天上市,产量亩均提高10%以上,且卖价也高,一斤黄瓜比市面上的贵5毛钱,都供不应求。现在来园里采摘的人也很多,这个我卖的更贵,一斤8块钱。"

为何,这里的黄瓜这么受欢迎?"在沙地里长出的黄瓜果肉紧实,口感清脆,涩感也弱,最重要的是无公害。"王青春介绍说,寿光设施蔬菜发展近30年来,土壤的肥力消耗太大,每年都需要大量的底肥来对土地进行重新整理,大水漫灌的浇灌模式又会增加棚内湿度,增加病虫害的发生率,沙培模式就完全解决了这一问题。沙培模式降低了空气湿度,在很大程度上抑制了病害的发生,每亩农药用量减少60%以上。整个栽培技术采用封闭循环系统,与土壤隔绝,水肥回收,达到了零排放、无污染,因此蔬菜的品质得到了大大提升。"去年我们把第一批黄瓜上市前的抽样送到了寿光市检验检测中心。检测中心出具了检测报告,显示本次样品检验全部合格,其中速灭磷、百菌清等60余种常见农残指标均显示‘未检出’,达到了双A级绿色蔬菜要求。"王青春说。

成本低好操作  沙培模式可推广

那么,这到底是怎样的一种无土栽培模式呢?

王青春向记者介绍,这是一种全新的精准培育种植模式,在20厘米的河沙下面,用薄膜将沙层和土壤隔开,沙层下面铺设有透气管和无纺布。每一排作物都配有水肥一体化设备和传感器,最后所有管道连接到水肥回收罐内,可消毒过滤后再利用。传感器实时监测温湿度,智能控制水肥施用时间,水肥自动回收,杜绝了土传病害。"实际上,这属于无土栽培模式的一种,严格意义上讲,这项技术应该叫水气循环式沙培种植,采用封闭循环系统,水肥回收,又能保证蔬菜根系的透气性,是一种高效环保的全新种植模式。"王青春说,这套设备管理起来也很方便,能让种植户至少省工60%。

那投入会不会很高呢?"与土壤栽培及当前流行的椰糠无土栽培模式相比,沙培种植在成本上有更大的优势。"王青春给记者算了一笔账,以菜畦为例,一亩地的土壤栽培成本每年相对固定,大约在1.5万元左右;椰糠栽培第一年投入就要3万元以上,且每3年需要更换基质,椰糠基质当前大部分还需要进口。而沙培种植的沟槽由薄膜、无纺布、红砖、河沙等构成,可以就地取材,成本很低,算上施肥机等设备在内,第一年投入成本在2.2万元左右,5 年甚至 10 年仅需要补充河沙即可,后期除水、肥和种苗外,基本无投入,平均下来,十年周期的成本每年只需 2000元。可以说,河沙是目前无土栽培最经济有效的高品质基质,而且无论是盐碱地、沙滩地还是抛荒地,沙培模式完全可以使用。

"种菜不搞花架子,试验沙培种植一方面要把蔬菜品质提上去,另一方面还要把种植成本降下来。附近的很多种植户看到实实在在的效益后,也开始尝试转变种植方式了。"王青春说,"沙培蔬菜不仅适用于黄瓜,设备经过设置后,可应用到绝大多数蔬菜作物上,我们要把沙培无土种植技术真正变成蔬菜产业转型升级、适合老百姓种植的实用技术。


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