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整车运输

整车物流(VL, Vehicle logistics)是基于时间竞争的敏捷汽车供应链环境中, 以整车作为物流服务标的物,按照客户订单对交货期、交货地点、品质保证等的要求进行快速响应和准时配送。整车物流从简单的商品车运输变化为以运输为主体,仓储、配送、末端增值服务为辅的新型物流。
按照整车物流标的物设计和技术特性,整车物流可以分为:乘用车车辆物流、商用车车辆物流、特种车辆车辆物流、工程车车辆物流等等。
按照整车物流标的物车辆使用年限特性,整车物流可以分为:商品车车辆物流、二手车车辆物流、古董车车辆物流等等。
按照整车物流运输工具特性,整车物流运输方式可分为:陆路运输、航空运输、水路运输等等。其中陆路运输可分为公路运输和铁路运输;水运整车物流又可分为集装箱整车物流运输、滚装船整车物流运输。
整车物流在各国及汽车行业内都有不同的说法:日本称为“车両物流”、“完成车物流”,其实还有旧车物流叫做“中古车物流”;英美等国也称“Finished vehicle logistics”、“Vehicle logistics”、“Vehicle transport”。

中国整车物流行业现状
编辑
中国整车物流行业起萌于 20 世纪 90 年代,是伴随着中国汽车产业逐步发展而发展的,并密切跟随中国汽车产业的发展经历了从无到有、从粗浅到专业、从被动仿效到主动创新的逐步发展提升。回首国内汽车物流行业的发展历程,我们可以看到当前的整车物流行业具有如下几个特点:
现象一
公路企业未形成规模、协同效应,具有“资源利用率低,运输成本高,运力资源浪费,竞争力薄弱”等特点
汽车物流行业的进入门槛不高,造成目前行业群体数量多,单个企业控制车辆规模少,行业目前拥有 10000 多辆车,从业企业达 400-500 家。大多数企业依靠当地的发出资源,不能构成规模和回流网络,单车重载率很低,或者极低的回流配载价格造成企业效益水平差。
效益和规模的原因,使得大多数企业没有能力提升管理技术,保障服务质量。
整个行业服务水准不高,缺乏统一的行业标准和约束机制,造成同等价格条件下的服务内涵、品质判断参差不齐,导致服务品质参差不齐,商品车交付及时率,商品车质损率,架子车的事故率等诸项指标均不尽人意。
忽高忽低的汽车市场需求变化,主机厂受成本压力、外国汽车厂竞争压力, WTO 关税调整等政策因素影响,必然导致其压力向汽车产业链其他环节的释放。主机的成本核算需求已经把物流运输企业的车辆利用率超前定位在 70-80% 之间,严重挤压了整车物流商的效益空间。
持续增长的油价成本和不规范的途中罚款更加重了企业负担。
国家标准的限制导致了区域间的政策尺度掌握差异。超长、超限车型在这里不能上牌,在那里就可以通,怎么也解决不了竞争的对等、基础统一。
大多情况下是一方水土养一方人的局面,围绕一个主机厂,以当地运输为主体形成了一批运输企业,他们的规模、管理能力、地域的群体利益制约了外地企业参与竞争,特别在月初、月末的不均衡销售发运情况下,更加无法旗帜鲜明的提出强化管理、改善品质的合理管理需求。
公路公司为了生存不得不卷入无序、恶性竞争。恶性竞争导致了行业价格体系的破坏和局部供需的不平衡。汽车物流运输过程中,各企业为寻求回流效益、不惜牺牲自身利益,破坏了行业价格体系。这种恶性竞争还造成了局部运力供给大于运量需求的假象,一方面是潜力巨大的市场和需求的增长,另一方面却是价格的不断压低和利润的不断侵蚀,这种效益剪刀差的矛盾日趋突出。
现象二
铁路、水路由于诸多因素,制约了品质改善
水运:主要的原因是中国一部分高速公路的规划与长江、沿海的水运线路平行,另外水运项目的分段收费价格倒挂,特别是:两端短驳成本高,码头费高,扭曲了水运的成本优势,此外,航线设计、船驳运力不足等问题,也制约了汽车物流船运的发展。
铁路:操作人员需要具备两大行业的复合性知识,目前的铁路人员参与汽车项目的运作能力弱。多年的垄断经济,认识不到位;管理粗放,不够精细。区域分拨的能力不足,末端客户的服务意识、短驳船能力不足。有的地区需要地跑送货,客户无法接受。铁路到发两端受铁路运转体制限制,不能快速反应,运行时间相对公路要长;运行时间不稳定,季节性冲击大。多次倒运、存在更多的质损风险。
现象三
整车物流市场秩序及信誉制度有待完善
中国现代整车物流发展了十年。回顾十年,看看我们的商业道德、市场秩序不尽人意。我们常担心承运了你的车,而到合同规定时间收不到回款;也常怀疑分供商的运力实力,承诺的运力保障到时轿运车不到位;交车时,经销商也借着各种理由进行敲诈,如此等等。
中国整车物流市场为何不尽人意 ? 举个例子进行说明:假如一个人预期他只活一个礼拜,他发财最好的办法是什么呢?去抢人的钱包。抢人东西是要判刑的,但是他不担心这些事,为什么呢?法院还没有来得及开庭,他已经死了,他何必在乎法律呢?但是当他预期要活很长的时间,抢钱则不是最好的办法。所以,一个人的行为或者最优行为与他的生命预期有关,一个人的预期越长他的行为就越规范,他就愿意坚持兑现自己的承诺。
国内一些整车物流企业不重视信誉原因如下:
众多企业产权没有完善的产权制度。我所指的产权制度就是使人们有一个稳定的长期、预期的制度;能够使得你干了坏事,就一定会受到坏事后果的惩罚;如果你做了贡献,就一定能够得到回报,这就是我们讲的产权制度。 整车物流企业今天干的事,这个事的后果由谁承担,可能由现任领导人承担,也可能由下届领导人承担。这时候的,现任领导人就有积极性追求一种短期的利益。从这个意义上讲,中国目前的产权制度下,人们就有积极性追求短期的利益。
政府行为还不够规范。目前,政府行为在很大程度上决定着企业的行为。政府规定今天能干、明天不能干,一个企业家也没有一个稳定的预期,所以他也一定会追求短期的利益。同时,政府的政策还很模糊,让我们的民营企业家对自己的未来并不充满信心,他们并不预期自己企业做大之后,做好之后,有了信誉之后可以收回果实了。所以他们和国有企业一样,免不了要追求短期的利益。
良好的信息传输体制还需建立。建立一个良好的信誉制度、市场秩序,要求一个很好的信息传输体制。我们一定要让那些不讲诚信、欺骗行为的信息尽快在市场中传输,传输得越快市场秩序的建立就越容易。
现象四
提供的物流增值服务内容不够
近年来,国外的物流企业已经致力于开发为客户量身订做的终端服务。这种适应性很强的终端管理、服务包括:前伸到工厂下线的运前准备阶段,或者专项改装业务的外包、订制和附加价值服务,如安装空气调节装置,安装液化石油气的转化装置等。包括安全的仓储、管理、无纸贸易和商品追踪,还有车载音响、汽车警报器、汽车附件等其他选项,甚至有重新设计与修复。而我们从认识上还处于简单的单项运输思维。需要我们有这种终端服务的拓展意识,主动去拓展市场。

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  • 地址:荔湾区中山八路新虹街58号
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