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春暖花开季 大棚施肥时

发布时间:2024-04-11 浏览量: 字号:

春季,大棚室内地温、气温逐渐升高,此时蔬菜正处于高温环境,这时也是病虫害多发易发时期。因此,抓好关键时间的大棚管理应当在施肥方面多加重视。究竟该采取哪些方法进行施肥,又有哪些肥料相对重要,同时,在施肥中又该特别注意什么?本期"大棚管家"聚焦施肥管理,给您讲讲应当注意的那些事儿。

方法科学 促进养分全面吸收

采取单株施肥法  针对长势较弱的植株"开小灶",方法就是先浇水,待种植行内水流稳定且水没下渗时进行单株施肥,这样可以提高肥料的利用率,避免浪费。

根据植株长势选肥  氮、钾是含量高的平衡性水溶肥,可以促进植株生长,促进果实发育,平衡植株长势;高钾型水溶肥,能有效促进营养向果实运输,提高产量。

养根好肥料  根之乐、根喜欢等是富含氨基酸、甲壳素及微生物菌剂的肥料,能有效提高根系的吸收能力;速藤"新秀"富含氮、磷、钾等元素及海藻酸有机质;壳贝佳水溶肥,富含甲壳素,能养根和提供营养,可明显提高蔬菜产量。

生态果园 有助棚菜防寒抗寒

增加光照  为幼苗多照阳光,在能维持正常生长的温度范围内,尽量早揭晚盖草苫等覆盖物,即使阴天、雨天也要揭开,最好使用透光率高的无滴膜或防尘膜,经常保持膜面干净。

控制湿度  棚内湿度过大,幼苗体内含水量过多,细胞液浓度偏低,很容易发生冻害。由于春季气温较低、光照较弱,棚内湿度过高还容易诱发病害。对此,育苗棚室要严格控制浇水次数和浇水量,湿度过高时要加强通风。通风要在中午前后气温较高的时段进行,以防冷风直接吹到苗上引发冻害。

科学施肥  不能偏施氮肥,以免降低幼苗抗寒能力,增施钾肥可以提高幼苗抗寒能力。对幼苗喷施糖醋液,可以增加叶肉含糖度及硬度,也能提高抗寒能力。

加强覆盖  夜间棚室外部应覆盖棉被、草苫等保温材料,并保持覆盖物经常处于干燥状态,棚室内部应采用挂二层膜、扣小拱棚等多层覆盖方式保温。大棚北面可用秸秆堆成防风障,挡风防寒。

施用慎重 谨防造成肥害

不要施用没有腐熟的饼肥  因为饼肥的碳氮比小、分解快,局部容易产生高温和高浓度的氨和有机酸,容易烧根。应该将饼肥打碎,用人粪、人尿浸泡3周左右,高温发酵以后再施用。

不要施用硫铵与碳铵  硫铵是生理酸性肥料,施用后会增加土壤的酸性,破坏土壤结构。碳铵施用后挥发出大量氨气,对蔬菜生长不利。

不要施用含氯的化肥  氯离子能降低蔬菜的淀粉和糖含量,使蔬菜品质变坏,产量降低,而且氯离子残留在土壤中,能导致土壤酸化,容易造成土壤脱钙。

不要在干旱条件下施肥  蔬菜是喜水作物,在土壤干旱时施肥,不但肥效不能充分发挥,而且会使土壤溶液浓度骤然升高,容易使蔬菜烧根。蔬菜施肥要与灌水相结合,开沟施肥,把肥料埋严实以后再灌水,或顺水追肥。

不要多施磷酸二铵  蔬菜需要大量的氮和钾,需要磷比较少,即使补施磷肥,磷酸二铵不要与草木灰等碱性肥料混合施用,以免引起氨的挥发,造成氨害。

不要将铁肥、稀土肥施入土壤中  铁离子很容易被土壤固定转化成难溶性化合物,从而失去肥效,所以铁肥不要施入土壤。铁在叶片上不易流动,应该采用叶面喷施,可以用0.1%~0.3%的硫酸亚铁溶液均匀喷施在蔬菜叶面上,或用 0.05%~0.07%的稀土微肥溶液在蔬菜叶面上喷施,每亩喷施50~60公斤溶液即可。(综合)

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